Arctic Region: Importance, Challenges, and International Cooperation

What is the Arctic region?

The Arctic is the Earth's northernmost area, encircling the North Pole. This unique region comprises parts of eight nations: Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States (Alaska).

Importance of the Arctic

The Arctic plays a vital role in regulating the global climate. It is also home to distinctive ecosystems and indigenous communities, along with potentially vast reserves of natural resources that are becoming increasingly significant.

Interests of India and Nordic Countries in the Arctic

• India: India's interest in the Arctic is largely scientific. The country focuses on research to understand how the Arctic affects the Indian monsoon and Himalayan glaciers. Additionally, India sees economic potential in shipping routes and resource exploration.
• Nordic Countries: The Nordic nations are directly affected by the Arctic due to their geographic proximity. They prioritize environmental protection, sustainable development, and the maintenance of peace and stability in the region.

Cooperation between India and Nordic Countries in the Arctic

India and Nordic countries collaborate through various initiatives, including joint research projects, sustainable tourism efforts, and exploring opportunities for digital connectivity and open shipping routes.

Challenges to Cooperation in the Arctic

Cooperation in the Arctic faces several challenges:

• Melting sea ice and its environmental repercussions.
• Geopolitical tensions and competition for resources.
• The necessity to balance economic development with environmental protection.
• Ensuring the rights and well-being of indigenous communities.

What is the Arctic Council?

The Arctic Council serves as the primary intergovernmental forum for cooperation and coordination regarding Arctic issues. India is currently recognized as an observer state within the Council.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What countries are part of the Arctic region?
Answer: The Arctic region includes parts of Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States (Alaska).

Q2. Why is the Arctic important for global climate?
Answer: The Arctic is crucial for climate regulation due to its effect on global weather patterns and its role in the Earth's climate system.

Q3. How does India benefit from the Arctic?
Answer: India benefits from Arctic research, which aids in understanding climate impacts on monsoons and explores economic opportunities in shipping and resources.

Q4. What are the main challenges in Arctic cooperation?
Answer: Key challenges include environmental impacts from melting ice, geopolitical tensions, and the need for sustainable development without harming indigenous rights.

Q5. What is the role of the Arctic Council?
Answer: The Arctic Council facilitates cooperation among Arctic states and observer nations on issues related to the Arctic, promoting sustainable development and environmental protection.

UPSC Practice MCQs

Question 1: Which countries are part of the Arctic region?
A) Canada, India, Russia
B) Norway, Greenland, Brazil
C) Sweden, Denmark, Australia
D) Canada, Denmark, Norway
Correct Answer: D

Question 2: What is the primary function of the Arctic Council?
A) Military cooperation in the Arctic
B) Economic development in Arctic regions
C) Environmental protection and sustainable development
D) Research on Arctic wildlife
Correct Answer: C

Question 3: Why is India interested in the Arctic region?
A) To establish military bases
B) Research on climate impact and resource exploration
C) To influence Arctic politics
D) None of the above
Correct Answer: B

Question 4: What challenge does melting sea ice present in the Arctic?
A) Increased shipping routes
B) Environmental impacts
C) Economic growth
D) Indigenous rights
Correct Answer: B

Question 5: Which of the following is NOT a concern for Nordic countries in the Arctic?
A) Environmental protection
B) Resource competition
C) Cultural preservation
D) Military dominance
Correct Answer: D